Impact of conservation tillage and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are strongly affected by land use intensity and soil type. The impact of tillage practices on AMF communities is still poorly understood, especially in organic farming systems. Our objective was to investigate the impact of soil cultivation on AMF communities in organically managed clay soils of a long-term field experiment located in the Sissle valley (Frick, Switzerland) where two different tillage (reduced and conventional mouldboard plough tillage) and two different types of fertilization (farmyard manure & slurry, or slurry only) have been applied since 2002. In addition, a permanent grassland and two conventionally managed croplands situated in the neighborhood of the experiment were analyzed as controls. Four different soil depths were studied including top-soils (0–10 and 10–20 cm) of different cultivation regimes and undisturbed sub-soils (20–30 and 30–40 cm). The fungi were directly isolated from field soil samples, and additionally spores were periodically collected from long-term trap culture (microcosm) systems. In total, >50,000 AMF spores were identified on the species level, and 53 AMF species were found, with 38 species in the permanent grassland, 33 each in the two reduced till organic farming systems, 28–33 in the regularly plowed organic farming systems, and 28–33 in the non-organic conventional farming systems. AMF spore density and species richness increased in the top-soils under reduced tillage as compared to the ploughed plots. In 10–20 cm also the Shannon–Weaver AMF diversity index was higher under reduced tillage than in the ploughed plots. Our study demonstrates that AMF communities in clay soils were affected by land use type, farming system, tillage as well as fertilization strategy and varying with soil depth. Several AMF indicator species especially for different land use types and tillage strategies were identified from the large data set.     

潜育期小麦条锈菌的高光谱定性识别

小麦条锈病的发生流行严重影响小麦的生产安全,其早期的监测预警对病害发生的防控具有重要作用。本研究利用Hand Held 2地物光谱仪获取不同浓度小麦条锈菌胁迫下的潜育期小麦冠层高光谱数据,基于定性偏最小二乘(discriminant partial least squares,DPLS)、人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)3种方法建立识别潜育期小麦条锈菌的模型,并分析接菌间隔日、建模比及光谱特征的差异对模型效果的影响。结果显示,在全波段(325~1 075 nm)建模,SVM识别效果优于ANN,而ANN优于DPLS,其中以一阶导数为光谱特征所建模型识别效果最优,在不同建模比下其识别准确率均可达到100.00%。     

基于Logistic、IBk以及Randomcommittee方法的条锈病潜育期小麦冠层光谱的定性识别

为寻求在小麦条锈病潜育期能探知和监测病害的简单便捷方法,通过人工接种不同品种小麦诱发条锈病,在小麦条锈病菌尚处于潜育期时,采集小麦冠层光谱数据,并利用双重Real-time PCR分子生物学技术检测条锈病菌潜育菌量,基于Logistic、IBK以及Randomcommittee三种方法,在不同建模比、不同参数变换下建立可识别潜育期小麦条锈病的数学模型。结果表明,在全波段范围内(325~1 075 nm),3种方法所建模型模拟识别潜育期小麦条锈病是可行的,但识别效果有一定差异,基于Logistic、IBK以及Randomcommittee方法所建模型的平均准确率分别为83.95%~84.51%、87.72%~88.98%、93.19%~93.46%。因此,基于Randomcommittee方法所建模型的识别准确率最高,效果最好,更适合小麦条锈病潜育期的定性识别。     

两个小麦-簇毛麦易位系抗条锈基因的遗传分析和SSR标记检测

为明确普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系材料对不同条锈菌系的抗病水平、抗病基因组成和易位系间抗病基因关系,对V9125-3和V9125-4易位系进行了苗期抗条锈性遗传分析,并利用V9125-2抗条锈基因Yr WV的2个侧翼分子标记,分析了3个易位系抗病基因间的关系。结果表明,2个易位系对当前国内7个优势菌系均表现良好的抗病性,但对不同菌系抗病性的抗病基因遗传特点有所不同。V9125-3对CYR29、CYR30和CYR31的抗病性由2对显性基因独立控制,对CYR32、CYR33和Sun11-11的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因控制,对Sun11-4的抗病性由2对显性基因互补控制;V9125-4对CYR30、Sun11-4和Sun11-11的抗病性由2对显性基因独立控制,对CYR32和CYR33的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因控制,对CYR29和CYR31的抗病性由2对显性基因互补控制;V9125-3对CYR29的抗病基因其中之一可能是Yr WV,另一个为未知基因。     

玉米品种对不同地区玉米南方锈菌的抗性评价

为明确我国各地区玉米品种对玉米南方锈病的抗性水平,为品种推广和抗病品种科学布局提供依据,利用85个玉米品种对海南三亚、广东河源、广西河池和湖南邵东4个地区的玉米南方锈菌菌株进行了田间抗病性比较试验。结果表明,相同品种对不同地区来源菌株的抗性水平有差异。综合各地区玉米南方锈菌的抗性评价可知,玉研505、鲁宁184、蠡玉88、太平洋99和绿海200等9个品种对玉米南方锈病的抗性最强,优迪598、三北63、联创839和冠玉911等19个品种次之,禾新9号、德禹M8、宁玉502、新玉27和晨强808等17个品种抗病性最弱。供试品种中,表现为高抗、中抗和感病的品种百分比分别为10.59%、22.35%和67.06%,说明我国玉米品种整体上表现为对玉米南方锈病抗性较差,病害容易流行,需注意预防。     

基于偏最小二乘法的小麦条锈病潜育期冠层高光谱分析

为能够找到更快速、高效的监测早期小麦条锈病的方法,通过获得在0.2、0.1、0.05 mg/m L三种不同浓度小麦条锈菌胁迫下的潜育期小麦冠层光谱数据,利用定性偏最小二乘法建立小麦条锈病潜育期小麦叶片冠层光谱识别模型并分析在3类不同光谱特征(波段、变量、建模比)下的模型准确性及适应性。结果表明,在325~1 075 nm波段内,以伪吸收系数二阶导数[log10(1/R)_2nd.dv]为光谱特征所建模型的平均准确率最高,训练集为97.89%,测试集为92.98%,可优先作为建模时备选的变量参数;在不同波段范围所建模型中,在925~1 075 nm波段内,以伪吸收系数的一阶导数[log10(1/R)]为光谱特征所建模型的平均准确率最高,训练集为98.27%,测试集为94.33%,可优先作为建模时备选的波段范围。表明利用冠层高光谱特征可以实现对小麦条锈病潜育期的定性分析,是一种能早期监测小麦条锈病的无损高效方法。